Advertisement for the Siamese Twins, Chang & Eng, 1837
Newspaper advertisement for an exhibition of the original Siamese Twins,
Chang and Eng, as it appeared in the Thursday, 16 February 1837 edition of The Globe
(Washington, D.C.).
At the time of this advert, the twins were twenty-six years old and in the midst of a three-year
tour of the eastern and southern states. Because so many
people had already seen them in the preceding years, their audiences and income
were beginning to dwindle. Two years later, the twins would retire from the road
and use their savings to buy a plot of land in Wilkesboro, North Carolina. That same
year they became naturalized citizens of the United States. There they would remain
for the next twenty-six years, living as planters with their wives and many children,
until economic turmoil in wake of the Civil War forced the twins to go back on the road once again.
The text of this advertisement reads:
THE SIAMESE TWIN BROTHERS
Have the honor to inform the Ladies
and Gentlemen of Washington the [sic] they will receive
visitors for a short time, at the Globe hotel (MAHER's,) directly
opposite the New Theatre, Pennsylvania avenue.
House of admission: From 10 to 12
in the morning, and from 7 to 9 in the evening, and
at no other time.
Admittance 25 cents.
N.B. Pamphlets containing an Historical account of the TWINS, with a correct likeness, can be purchased
at the room.
No re-admission to the room. Feb 16 - 3t.
My tribute to Chang and Eng Bunker, The Bathers, is to be found
here.
[for more information about Chang & Eng, please
see Irving and Amy Wallace's biography The Two: The Story of the Original
Siamese Twins, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978]
The Brothers Tocci
cabinet card, 6.5 x 4.25 inches, circa 1890
photographer: unknown
Giacomo and Giovanni Baptista Tocci,
also known as the Italian Two-headed Boy, were a popular attraction
throughout Europe and America from 1878 at the age of four months
until their retirement at the age of twenty in 1897.
The dicephalus conjoined twins were born in Locana,
Italy, on 4 October 1877. The twins being very small and their
mother's pelvis rather wide, there was little difficulty - other than
emotional shock - in their delivery. The boys had two heads and four
perfectly formed arms, but were joined together at the point of the
sixth rib and so shared a single lower torso and pelvis with two legs.
Initially distraught and appalled by his children's appearance, Signor
Tocci soon realized his unique boys could serve as his family's breadwinners.
As the Tocci Brothers grew into healthy youngsters,
despite all predictions of an early death, it became apparent
that each of the twins controlled the leg on his side. Sadly, due
to muscular atrophy and Giacomo's clubfoot, they were unable to stand
independently unless they could prop themselves up with their arms.
Lack of coordination prevented them from walking - instead they
crawled about with aid of all six limbs.
The Tocci Brothers - "The Greatest Wonder
of Nature" - toured Europe and America ceaselessly until
they decided they'd had enough of the limelight and retired to
live a life of seclusion in a villa near Venice. Rumors state that
both boys may have married and had children (which caused a flurry
of sexual and legal speculation in French and Italian newspapers),
and that they may have still been living in seclusion as late as
1940.
The American author Mark Twain used the Tocci Brothers
as the inspiration for his story Those Extraordinary Twins.
My tribute to the boys, The Masters Tocci, is to be found
here
.
[for more information about the Tocci Brothers, please see "The Tocci
Brothers, and Other Dicephali" in Jan Bondeson's The Two-headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels
, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000]
Violet and Daisy Hilton, San Antonio Siamese
Twins
real photograph postcard, 5.25 x 3.25 inches, circa
1920
photographer: unknown
The Hilton Sisters were born in Brighton, England
on 19 February 1908, joined at the base of the spine. They were rejected
by their birth mother and were 'adopted' by Mrs. Mary Hilton and
her husband, whom the girls were instructed to call "Auntie" and
"Sir." Over the course of the next several years, the girls were
taught to sing, dance, and play the clarinet, piano and saxophone,
while Mrs. Hilton amassed a sizable fortune exhibiting the girls in Europe
and the United States. When the twins were 8 years old, the Hiltons
relocated to San Antonio, Texas (hence the inscription on the postcard).
When Mrs. Hilton died, her daughter Edith and her husband 'inherited'
the girls, became the new "Auntie" and "Sir", and allegedly worked the twins like
virtual slaves while pocketing for themselves every penny the twins earned.
In 1931, the girls were named in a divorce suit
— which was probably just a publicity stunt and an attempt to squeeze some
money from the twins. It was through contact with the lawyer who
defended them against this claim that Daisy and Violet learned of their
legal rights and sued their managers for separation. They won the
suit against Auntie and Sir, and received a compensation sum large enough
that the girls could have lived comfortably for the rest of their lives.
For a while they lived happily in a house designed for them by Frank
Lloyd Wright, throwing lavish parties and generally enjoying the freedom
that had been denied them for so long. Despite the difficulties in obtaining
a marriage license in most states (as they were conjoined, most states
interpreted marriage to either twin as an act of bigamy), both girls
married and divorced in the 1940's.
The Hilton Sisters were among the highest paid
sideshow performers in history, earning up to $5,000 per week
during the height of the Great Depression. They appeared on stage
with performers such as Bob Hope and Harry Houdini, and on film
in Tod Browning's Freaks (1932), and in the
excruciatingly terrible bio-pic Chained for Life (1950).
Sadly, a string of lovers treated the twins just as badly, financially
speaking, as had their former managers. Ill-equipped professionally
or emotionally to manage their own affairs, the Hilton Sisters gained
and lost several fortunes.
By 1962, with their appeal waning as quickly as
their bank account, the Hilton Sisters were touring drive-in movie
theaters to promote the re-release of Chained for
Life . When they reached Charlotte, North Carolina, their
manager abandoned them and the girls remained stranded there. They
worked for several years in a local grocery store - one working the register
while the other bagged, and later as produce weighers. Apparently, Daisy
and Violet kept such a low profile that many customers didn't even realize
the girls were conjoined!
Around Christmas of 1968, one of the twins contracted
influenza and quickly infected her sister. When they failed to
report for work or answer the telephone on 6 January 1969, the grocery
store manger notified the police, who broke into their rented home
and found the twins lying dead over the heating vent in the hallway.
The Hilton Sisters are buried under a marker inscribed "Beloved Siamese
Twins."
In 1997, a Broadway musical about the Hilton Sisters'
lives called Sideshow debuted and quickly
folded, despite initial warm reviews.
The Giglio Twins (Mary and Margaret Gibb)
real photograph postcard, 5.5 x 3.5 inches, 1937
photographer: unknown
At first glance, I thought the caption for this card indicated these ladies were dubbed with the
surname Giglio; however, they are in fact Mary and Margaret Gibb,
conjoined twin sisters from Holyoke, Massachusetts.
Mary R. and Margaret S. Gibb were born 20 May 1912 to parents Margaret and John Gibb. Their
birth was, understandably, a sensation in the popular and medical press, and from the start the
girls were well on their way to a life in the public eye. Bound together at the sacrum (just like
Daisy and Violet Hilton), the Gibb's were a popular vaudeville and sideshow attraction for most
of their lives. Mary stood at 4 feet 8 inches, just two inches shorter than sister Margaret.
Pretty and amiable, they performed song and dance numbers at vaudeville theaters and dime museums
up and down the eastern coast of the United States.
In 1930, the Gibb twins commenced a European tour with major stops in France, Belgium and
Switzerland. Beginning in 1934, the Gibb twins contracted with Ringling Brothers Barnum and
Bailey, where they appeared for several seasons. In 1938, they appeared with Cole Brothers. The
Gibb twins would appear with either the Cole or Ringling outfits alternately until their retirement
in 1941. In 1942, the sisters opened the Mary-Maragret Gift Shoppe in their hometown of Holyoke.
They continued to operate the shop on Portland Street until March of 1949.
The Gibb twins lived the rest of their lives in relative seclusion. On 29 August 1967, the Gibb twins
died - Margaret passing first, followed by Mary two minutes later. Autopsy revealed that
Margaret had developed bladder cancer, which spread to her sister through their common
circulatory system. Mary and Margaret Gibb were buried in the Forestdale Cemetery, Holyoke.
The front of this photograph bears an inscription in Italian
as follows:
Regale del Comm. GIGLIO
DELLE SORELLE SIAMESI
RICORDO DELLA GRANDE SERATA DEL 5 FEBB. 1937
ALL'ACCADEMIA DI MUSICA DI PHILADELPHIA
CON IL DRAMMA SPETTACOLOSO
I DUE GEMELLI
Which, as nearly as I can make out translates to: "Gift
of Comm. Giglio, The Siamese Sisters, commemorating (or souvenir of) the grand night of
5 February 1937, at the Academy of Music of Philadelphia, with the drama play 'The Two
Twins'. Two Twins seems a bit redundant, but there you have it. What the heck was going
on in the Academy of Music that night?!
The archives at the Academy of Music do not possess a program for the event, but the booking
lists indicate "Comm. Clement Giglio" as the lessee that night, for an "operatic performance".
Clement (or Clemente) Giglio was a sort of theatrical jack-of-all-trades: writer, performer,
director, producer, librettist, etc. I have found records for two (short-lived) operatic plays on
Broadway - one in 1927 called "The White Sister", and another in 1938 called "Pasquale Never
Knew". Perhaps one should never judge an opera by its title, but the latter seems to indicate
a sort of broad slapstick and sentimental music hall type of stuff. I can only assume I Due
Gemelli was of a similar nature.
I presume Giglio wrote this opera specifically for the Gibb twins (though I suppose the Hilton's
could have filled the bill in a pinch), but why then are the Gibb twins not listed by
name? As they were appearing in a Giglio production, it is perhaps understandable the Gibb
sisters would be listed as members of Giglio's troupe (like the 'Solid Gold Dancers' or
something of that sort). But the girls were celebrities in their own right, and this opera seems
to have been written for them, they being something just a tad bit unusual in the way of twins.
It's a bit like Pavarotti being credited as "Prof. Salamander's Wonderful Fat Tenor" - so one
wonders whether the Gibb twins were moonlighting and didn't appear under their own names so as
to avoid a contract dispute. Only further research will tell.
The Mexican Twins
real photograph postcard, 5.5 x 3.5 inches, circa 1915
photographer: unknown
These pretty young girls were identified by Max Rusid as
"Mary and Arrita", born in Mexico. Joined together by a band of flesh much
in the same manner as Chang and Eng, the twins are said to have died
in 1929.
Piramal and Sami, Brother and Sister
Double-bodied Hindoo Enigma
cabinet card, 6.5 x 4 inches, circa 1915
photographer: unknown
Piramal was born in 1888 in Madras, India, with a parasitic
twin brother, Sami, joined to him just below the sternum. Piramal
began exhibiting himself at a young age, often appearing with
a dwarf cousin and two pinheads.
To increase the wonder factor, his promoters began to claim
that Piramal's twin was actually his sister (despite that being biologically
impossible), and so Piramal would accordingly dress his twin in feminine
garb. Piramal and Sami were now billed as "Brother and Sister, Double-bodied
Hindoo Enigma" just as in the text on this pitchcard, which was produced
in 1915 for Piramal's final tour of the United States with the Ringling
Brothers Circus. Afterwards, Piramal retired to India.
Jean Libbera
The Double-bodied Man
postcard, 5.5 x 3.25 inches, circa 1920
photographer: unknown
Quite similar to Piramal was Jean Libbera, who displayed his parasitic twin, Jacques. Jean and
Jacques were born in Rome in 1884 into a family of thirteen children — one of whom also had a
parasitic twin but did not survive.
Libbera toured the United States for many years, earning a handsome living from his brother. He married and had four children, eventually
retiring from the business and moving with his family back to Italy. Jean (and Jacques) passed away in 1936.
Betty Williams
postcard, 5.5 x 3.25 inches, 1934
printed on reverse: Official Post Card of RIPLEY'S "BELIEVE-IT-OR-NOT" ODDITORIUM - A CENTURY OF PROGRESS - 1934
photographer: unknown
A new feature was unveiled at the 1934 World's Fair: Robert Ripley's very first Odditorium. Ripley, a syndicated cartoonist who was already well known for his "Believe-It-Or-Not"
comic strip in newspapers (long before the television incarnation), featured a number of interesting anatomical oddities that year. Among the most spectacular was the infant Betty Lou Williams, who had a parasitic
twin sister emerging from her abdomen.
Betty Lou was born Lillie B. Williams on 10 January 1932 to a poor family in Albany, Georgia. At the tender age of two, Ripley paid Betty Lou's parents $250 a week for the priviledge of exhibiting her.
She would go on to have a long and successful career in the sideshow, amassing enough money to send all twelve of her siblings to college. Despite doctors' predications that she would likely live a long and healthy life,
Betty Lou died in 1955 due to complications following an asthma attack.
My tribute to Ms. Williams, Olympia (Betty Lou Williams) may be seen here.
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